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Q:

How to add additional options to the Preview flyout panel?

A: 

1. Switch to the core database.
    
2. Locate the Portal item under content/Applications/Preview item.
    
3. Add an item to the portal using the Portlet template (select /templates/portal/portlet in the Select a template dialog) and fill its fields as shown in the image below:
   
4. Create a folder under \sitecore\shell\Applications\Preview\Portlets\. This folder will contain an XML file for the portlet.

1.  XML file

Create an XML file with the following source code:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> 
<control xmlns:def="Definition" xmlns="http://schemas.sitecore.net/Visual-Studio-Intellisense">
  <PreviewCurrentWorkflowPortlet def:inherits="Custom.Portlets.PreviewCurrentWorkflowPortletXmlControl,CurrentWorkflowPortlet">
    <Border def:ID="Portlet">
      <DefaultPortletWindow def:ID="Window" Header="Workflow Details" Icon="Network/16x16/inbox.png">
        <Border def:ID="Body"/>
        <Literal def:ID="Workflow" Text="Workflow: " />
        <br />
        <Literal def:ID="WorkflowState" Text="Workflow State: " />
      </DefaultPortletWindow>
    </Border>
  </PreviewCurrentWorkflowPortlet>
</control>

2.  Code Snippet

Create a class for this XML control. Compile it and place into the bin folder.

using System;

using Sitecore;
using Sitecore.Data.Items;
using Sitecore.Web.UI.XmlControls;
using Sitecore.Web.UI.HtmlControls;

namespace Custom.Portlets
{
    public class PreviewCurrentWorkflowPortletXmlControl : XmlControl
    {
      protected Border Body;
      protected Border Portlet;
      protected XmlControl Window;
      protected Literal WorkflowState;
      protected Literal Workflow;

      protected override void OnLoad(EventArgs e)
      {
         base.OnLoad(e);
         if (!Sitecore.Context.ClientPage.IsEvent)
         {
            this.Window.ID = this.ID + "_window";
            this.Portlet.Attributes["id"] = this.ID;

            Item item = UIUtil.GetItemFromQueryString(Sitecore.Context.ContentDatabase);
            string workflowID = item.Fields["__Workflow"].Value;

            string stateName = GetState(item, Sitecore.Context.Database, workflowID).DisplayName;

            this.WorkflowState.Text += stateName;
            this.Workflow.Text += Sitecore.Context.Database.Items[new Sitecore.Data.ID(workflowID)].Name;
         }
      }

      private Sitecore.Workflows.WorkflowState GetState(Sitecore.Data.Items.Item item,
                                                        Sitecore.Data.Database database,
                                                        string workflowID)
      {
         // getting the workflow provider for the master database
         Sitecore.Workflows.IWorkflowProvider provider = database.WorkflowProvider;

         // getting the Simple workflow through the IWorkflow interface
         Sitecore.Workflows.IWorkflow iWorkflow = provider.GetWorkflow(workflowID);

         return iWorkflow.GetState(item);
      }
    }
}

Add the reference to the DLL into the web.config file (UI » References section):

<reference>/bin/CurrentWorkflowPortlet.dll</reference>

The result of these actions is shown below: